SUBJUNCTIVE

1.   Subjunctive “wish”

      * Present           :Peristiwa yang diharapkan terjadi sekarang tetapi kenyataannya peristiwa itu tidak terjadi. Bentuk kalimat “Past Tense”. Faktanya berbentuk “Present Tense” maknanya berlawanan. “Be” yang digunakan untuk semua subject “WERE”.

                                 Subject + wish (that) + subject +v_-2 (were)

                                 Ex   : I wish I remembered her address

                                          Fact : I don’t remember her address

                                                      They wish they didn’t have to go to class today

                                          Fact : They have to go to class

 

                                                            Subject + wish + subject+ could have-3/ had + V_-3

                                 Ex     : I wish you had come here yesterday

      * Past                 : Peristiwa yang diharapkan terjadi saat lampau, tetapi kenyataanya peristiwa itu tidak terjadi. Bentuk kalimat “Past Perfect”. Faktanya berbentuk “Past Tense”. “Be” yang digunakan “Was” & “Were”

                                

                                 Subject + wish + subject + had + v_-3

                                

                                 Ex     : She wished that the had had more time last night

                                            She wished she had sent a telegram

      * Future             :       

Subject + wish (that) + subject + could have V-1,/ could + V-1 atau were +v-ing

                      

                                 Ex     : She wished that would stop saying that

                                            We wished that you could come to the party tonight

2.   Subjunctive “as if / as thought”

      * Present           :

                                  Subject + V_-Present + as if /as thought + subject + had v_-3

                                 Ex              : Jack looked as if he had seen a ghost

3.   Subjective “would rather”

     

       Present          :

                               Subject + would rather + subject + V_-2 (were) (waktu kini)

                               

                              Ex                 : Rasta would rather it were winter now

      Past              :

                                Subject + would rather + subject + had + V_-3 (been) (waktu lampau)

                          

                               Ex                : Jim would rather that John had gone to class yesterday.

ELLIPTICAL CONSTRUCTION

Kalimat eliptik  merukapan gabungan dua kalimat yang berbeda subyeknya tetapi predikatnya sama.

Kalimat ini digunakan untuk manghindari pengulangan kata. Kalimat eliptik dinyatakan dengan menggunakan auxiliary (k.k Bantu).

I.    TOO dan SO (juga)             :  Untuk pernyataan positif.

               Pola kalimat               :

Subject + aux + and + subject + aux +, too Subject + aux + and + so + aux + subject

               Ex: a.    He studies hard. I study hard.

                           -    He Studies hard and I do, too

                           -    He studies hard and so do I.

                      

                       b. John is student of University. I’m student of university.

                           -    John is a student of university and I am, too

                           -    John is a student of university so am I

                       c.  He drove a car. I drove. I drove a car

                           -    He drove a car and I do, too

                           -    He drove a car and so did I.

                       d. Nita ha written a letter. I have written a letter.

                           -    Nita has written and I have, too

                           -    Nita has written a letter and so have I

II.   EITHER dan NEITHER (Juga tidak). Untuk pernyataan negatif.

               Pola kalimat:

Subject + aux + and + subject + aux + too Subject + aux + and + so + aux + subject

                       a.  Either di dahului oleh subject + aux + not.

                       b. Neither mendahului auxiliary + subject.

               Ex    :

                       1. a.   I couldn’t play tennis, and he couldn’t either

                           b.   I couldn’t play tennis and neither could he.

                       2. a.   I shouldn’t be late, and you shouldn’t either

                           b.   I shouldn’t be late and neither should you

                       3. a.   Ian wasn’t sick and Judi wasn’t either

                           b.   Ian wasn’t sick and neither was Judi.

QUESTION TAG (2, habis)

3. Commands /Request

Commands or request adalah suatu bentuk kalimat perintah atau permohonan. Kalimat perintah atau permohonan ini dibedakan menjadi dua.

Kalimat perintah positif dan kalimat perintah negatif atau biasa disebut kalimat larangan. Bentuk kalimat perintah tidak memengaruhi penggunaan Question Tag. Baik bentuk kalimat perintah positif atau kalimat perintah negatif dapat menggunakan positif question tag atau negatif question tag.

Pola Question Tag dari kalimat Perintah dan permohonan dapat dirumuskan :

1.      Positive Commands / Request

Verb + Object / Complement + Question Tag ?  Be    +     NV                                    (+)/(-)

2.   Negative Commands / Request

Don’t + Verb + Object / Complement + Question Tag ?             Be +NV                                           (+)/(-)

      Apabila kalimatnya menyatakan suatu perintah, permohonan, atau larangan,

      maka Question Tag yang digunakan adalah Will You, Won’t you, dan Would you. Tetapi apabila kalimatnya menyatakan ajakan, maka Question Tag yang digunakan adalah Shall We. Bentuk ajakan ini biasanya menggunakan: Let’s.

     

Commands / Requests	Question Tags
Stop over there Close the door, please Help me, please Let us take a rest Let’s go swimming Have another tea, Don’t be noisy, Don’t talk too loudly Don’t bother me,	, will you? , won’t you? , would you? , will you? , shall we? , won’t you? , will you? , would you? , will you?

Hal yang perlu diperhatikan pada Question Tag adalah :

a.   Subject Question Tag harus dalam bentuk pronoun : I, You, He, She, They, It

-     Subyek question tag berasal dari subyek kalimat di depannya.

-     Apabila subyek kalimat di depannya kata benda (noun), pada question tag harus di ubah menjadi pronoun.

-     Kata benda tunggal menjadi He / She (Personal)

-     Kata benda tunggal menjadi They (personal / impersonal)

-     This /that menjadi It

-     These / Those menjadi They

-     Nobody, No one (none), someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, everyone, dan everybody menjadi They.

-     Something, anything, everything. Dan nothing menjadi It.

b.   Modal question tag disesuaikan dengan bentuk predikat kalimat di depannya.

      Modal + Not (dalam question tag negative) harus disingkat:

      Misal : -      Do + not    = don’t                         -     is + not = isn’t

                        -                 Does + not = doesn’t    -     will +not = won’t

                        -                 Did + not = didn’t         -     had + not = hadn’t

      Question tag Negative Am = not diganti menjadi Aren’t

      Apabila kalimat di depannya tidak menggunakan Modals maka digunakan Do, Does, atau¸Did

      Do/ Does digunakan apabila predikatnya Verb₁

      Did digunakan apabila predikatnya Verb₂

   Apabila predikat kalimat di depannya menggunakan used to, maka Question Tagnya menggunakan did.

   Apabila predikat kalimat di depannya menggunakan ought to maka Question Tag-nya menggunakan should.

QUESTION TAG (1)

Question Tag adalah suatu bentuk kalimat tanya yang pola kalimatnya menggunakan kata tanya di akhir kalimat. Kalimat tanya ini pada dasarnya tidak membutuhkan jawaban, karena question tag digunakan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang diyakini oleh penanya benar. Berdsarkan bentuk kalimatnya, pola pembentukan Question Tag dibedakan menjadi 3:

            1.   Positive Statement

            2.   Negative statement

            3.   Command/ Request

1. Positive Statement

Positive statement adalah suatu pernyataan dalam bentuk kalimat yang memberikan informasi atau memberitakan. Suatu kalimat dinyatakan berbentuk positif apabila tidak ada unsur kalimat yang menidakkan.

S + P + O, Modal + Not + s?       ( + )                ( - )

Positive statement	Negative Question Tag
He will play tennis, He is good swimmer, She likes cooking, I am still here, We take another way, That is my book, Something is wrong with you, The lady can sew a dress, There was a book on the table,	,won’t he? , isn’t he? ,doesn’t he? ,aren’t I? ,don’t we? ,isn’t it? ,isn’t it? ,can’t she? ,wasn’t there?

2. Negative Statement

Negative Statement adalah suatu pernyataan dalam bentuk kalimat menyangkal, suatu kalimat dinyatakan negatif apabila ada unsur kalimat yang menidakkan, unsur-unsur tersebut adalah:

-         Modal + Not, Verb + No (pada predikatnya)

-         No body, Not, Verb + No (pada subject / Object)

-         Adverb of frequency : seldom, hardly, never, ever

Negative statement	Positive Question Tag
They haven’t come yet. The girl wears no hat Nothing is wrong with it Everybody isn’t ready yet The Doctors Shouldn’t obey him. Nobody used to go to library I never saw it We will never invite them again, He can not speak Spanish, The book is not interesting, He’s not finished the work,	,have they? ,does she? ,is it? ,are they? ,should they? ,did they? ,did I? ,will We? ,can he? ,is it? ,has he?