KINDS OF TEXT: 11. NARRATIVE

KINDS OF TEXT: 11. NARRATIVE

Standar Kompetensi Lulusan:

Menetukan gambaran umum pikiran utama  dari suatu paragraph atau informasi rinci tersurat informasi tertemtu, makna kata atau informasi tersirat dari text esai berbentuknarrative.

Material:  

A narrative is a text that tells a story. Its pupose is to entertainor emuse the readers. A narrative text is structured as follows:   

1. An orientation:  

ü This part introduces the character and tells where and when the story takes place.  

2. A complication:

ü This part tells what event triggers the story. This is the starting point of the story. If there is no complication, then there is no story. This is then followed by series of events.

3. A Resolution

ü This part shows how the problem (complication) is resolved.

4. Reorientation:

ü This part is the ending telling the condition of the characters and the settings after the problem is resolved.

Language Feature that a narrative usually uses are as follows:

Ø Specific characters, like: prince, prices, judge, soldier etc.

Ø Time words that connect events to tell when they occurs, like ]: after, therefore, while, etc

Ø Verbs to show the actions that occur in the story, like: kidnap, fool, run, etc

Ø Descriptive words to portray the characters and setting, like: greedy, thick, cunning, etc.

Example of Narrative

Structure	The Story	Language Feature
Orientation	The Myth of Malin Kundang A long time ago, in a small village near the beach in West Sumatra, lived a woman and her son. They were Malin Kundang and her mother. Malin Kundang’s father had died when he was a baby. Malin Kundang had to live hard with his mother. Malin Kundang was a healty, diligent, diligent, and strong boy. He usually went to see to catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sold the caught fish in the town.	Specific character: Malin Kundang
Series of Events	One day, when Malin Kundang was sailing, he saw a merchant’s ship which was being attached by a group of pirates. He helped the merchant. With his brave and power, Malin Kundang defeated the pirates. The merchant was so happy and thanked to him. In return the merchant asked Malin Kundang to sail with him. To get a better life, Malin Kundang agreed. He left his mother alone.         Many years late, Malin Kundang became rich. He had a huge ship and was helped by many ship crews loading trading goods. Perfectly he a beautiful wife too. When he was sailing his trading journey, his ship landed on a beach near a small village. The village recognized him. The news ran fast in the town. “Malin kundang has become rich and now he is here.”          An old woman ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She was Malin Kundang’s mother. She wanted to hug him, released her sadness of being lonely after so long time. Unfortunately, when the mother came, Malin Kundang who was in front of his well dressed wife and his ship crews denied meeting that old lonely woman. For three times her mother begged Malin kundang and for three times  he yelled at her. At last Malin Kundang said to her “Enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly woman!” After that he ordered his crews to set sail. He would leave the old mother again but in that time she was full of both sadness and anger.	Time word: A long time ago, when
		Verbs two: ran, laughed
Resolution	Finally, enraged, she cursed Malin Kundnag thatr he would turn into a stone if he didn’t apologize. Malin Kundang just laughed and really set sail. In a quiet sea, suddenly a thunderstorm came. His huge ship was wrecked and it was too late for Malin Kundang to apologize. He was thrown by the wave out of his ship. He fell on small island. It was really too late for him to avoid his curse. Suddenly, he turned into a stone.	Descriptive word: quiet

INDS OF TEXT: 9. REVIEW

INDS OF TEXT: 9. REVIEW

Standar Kompetemsi Lulusan: Menetukan gambaran umum, makna kata atau frasa dari sebuah teks berbentuk review  yang disediakan.

Materials:

To determine topic of text, detailed information. Written information, social function, reading between the lines, the meaning of the word from the text in the form of review.

Social Function:

To criticism an art work or event for a public audience, such work of art include movies, TV shows, books, plays, operas, recordings, exhibitions, concerts, and ballets.

Generic Structure

ü Orientation:  

ü Interpretative Recount:  

ü Evaluation

ü Evaluative and summary

Grammatical Feature

1. Focusing on particular participant.

2. Direct expression of opinion through us of attitudinal text included attitudinal epithets in nominal groups: qualitative attributes and effective mental processes.

3. Using elaborating and extending clause and group complexes to package the information.

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Example of Review

Brownies a Bite of Sweet Cake, a Bit of  Love Story	Title
Another romantic drama feature film by a young and talented director. Hanung Bramantyo, will soon be released this year.  Fans of Marcella Zalianti, Bucek Depp, and Arie U, Kuncoro will be able to see their idols in the movie entitled BROWNIES. The film is produced by SinemArt, which also produced “Mengejar Matahari”	Orientation
The theme is simple; it is about love. Yep, love – with its bittersweet-becomes the highlight that enriches the movie plot. The reason is quite obvious; love theme always attracts more audiences to come to the cinema.   Mel (Marcella Zalianty), a copywriter in an advertising agency, has a life that is focused on her job. Although Mel is engaged to Joe (Phillips Yusuf), Didi (Renia)-her close friend-questions if Joe is really Mel’s kind of guy.	Interpretative Recount
Later in the story, Mel finds out that Joe has been going out with another girl all the time. Then, Mel meets Are (Bucek  Depp), a young artist who writes, owns a bookstore, and makes brownies! Are even has a small brownies shop that Mel loves to visit. Are’s artistic attitude and Joe’s betrayal have clearly affected Mel’s life.	Evaluation
Brownies is the first Indonesia movie that is shot using Panasonic High Definition Camera, which result is a film that looks as if it were recorded on standard celluloid film, while squeezing production cost.	Evaluation Summaries

INDS OF TEXT: 8. DISCUSSION

INDS OF TEXT: 8. DISCUSSION

Standar Kompetemsi Lulusan: Menetukan gambaran umum, informasitertentu, informasi rinci tersurat, informasi tersirat, makna kata dari sebuah teks berbentuk discussion yang disediakan.

Materials:

Discussion text will see elaborate  an issue from two different points of views. It presents pro and contra, advantages and disadvantages, good and bad side opinion on certain issue. One side is agreeing the issue, and the other side is disagreeing that issue. For example, pros and cons on nuclear power plant, the advantages and disadvantage of study in group, etc.

The Structure of a Discussion Text

1. Stated issue: It present what is going to be discussed.

2. Supporting arguments: after stating the issue, it is necessary to present the supporting arguments that happened to the issue.

3. Against arguments: bedside the supporting arguments, a discussion text needs to present the argument which disagree to the stated issue.

4. Conclusion/Recommendation: finally in the end of the discussion, it is important to re-think to formulate certain recommendation for the issue.

Language Feature of Discussion Text

1. Generic terms relevant to the subject- degradation, conversation.

2. The use of comparison and contras words- also, as, like, similar to, although, different from, however.

3. The use of linking words- in contrast to, on the other hand, although, in contrast to, this is supported by, in spite of, however.

4. Language indicating judgment and value- very funny, deoressing.

Example of Discussion

Title	Giving Children Homework: Pro and Con
Stated issue	There are a lot of discussions as to whether children should be given homework or not. It is enough for children having time to study at school or do they need additional time at home to study after school time.
Against arguments	Some people claim that children do enough work in school already. They also argue that children have hobbies that they want to do after school, sucj as sport or music. A further point they make is that a lot of homework are pointless and does not help the children learn at all.
Supporting arguments	However, they are also strong arguments against this point of view.  Parents and teachers argue that it is important to find out whether children can work on their own without the support from the teacher. They say that the evening is good time for children to sit down and think about whet have learned in school.          Further more, they claim that the school day is too short to get anything done. It makes sense to send home tasks like independent reading or further writing task which does no need the teacher’s support.
Recommendation	I think, on balance, that some homework is good idea but that should only given at the weekend when children have more time.

KINDS OF TEXT: 7. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION AND HORTATORY EXPOSITION

KINDS OF TEXT: 7. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION AND HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Standar Kompetensi Lulusan:

Menetukan gambaran umum informasi tertentu informasi rinci tersurat informasi tersirat makna kata atau frasa dari dalam text berbentuk analytical exposition and hortatory explanation.

Material:  

The scaffold of Exposition:

An exposition text is used to argue appoint of review or to persuade the audience to do something. Usually, the written exposition has three main parts, shown in this scaffold.

The following is the scaffold of an exposition text

An introductory:  

ü The author’s point of view is called the Thesis of the argument and this given in the introduction.  

ü The introduction can include a preview of the arguments that will follow in the next section of the text.

ü A question or emotional statement can be used to get audience attention.

A series of arguments to convince the audience

1. A new paragraph is used for each new argument.

2. Each new paragraph begins with a topic sentence that introduces a new argument.

3. After the topic sentence comes details that support the argument.

4. Emotive words are used to persuade the audience into believing the author.

A conclusion summing up the argument

5. The author restates his/her thesis (point of view)

6. A summary of what has been stated in the section above may be included here.

A. Analytical Exposition:

Analytical exposition is one of argumentative text which present some supporting idea on why certain writer’s opinion is important.  The opinion is formulated in a thesis to prove by selecting arguments

1. Thesis: It is the main topic of discourse in analytical exposition essay. Commonly the thesis will be placed in the first paragraphs. It also functionalize of introduction of a text.   

2. Argument: the arguments are the heart of an analytical exposition. The absence of argument, analytical will just talk nothing since a thesis must be evaluates, whether it s true or false later, it does not matter.

3. Reiteration: it is the writer’s thesis which is restated in another word. The purpose is to strengthen the thesis.

Language Feature

ü Focusing on generic human and non human participants

ü Using of simple present tense

ü Using relational process

ü Using of internal conjunction to stage argument

ü Reasoning through casual conjunction or nominalization

Example of Analytical Exposition

Structure	Story	Language Feature
Introductory statement that gives the author’s point of view	Address to the Jury         Ladies and gentlemen oh the jury, the prosecution will prove to you that the accused is guilty. He had the crime and this will be shown in the evidence to you
A series of arguments that aim to convince the Audiences	Firstly, the accused needed money. He was in debt, owing the bank over $100.000. He had no chance of repaying this; therefore he needed quick money. That is why he stole the Macquarie Diamond.         Secondly, the accused had the opportunity, As a security guard he could come and go from the exhibition of the diamond without causing suspicion. He had plenty of time on the night of the robbery to take the diamond, hide it and then return to the night of the before to take his post before the next guard came duty.                 Finally, the accused had the ability to take the Macquarie Diamond. He had knowledge of the alarm system and had keys to unlock the display case.	Emotive words showing author’s Attitude: He was in dept,
		Linking words: Firstly, Secondly. Finally
Conclusion	On evidence you have no other choice but to find him guilty.

 B. Hortatory Exposition

The hortatory exposition aims to persuade readers, listeners, or viewers that something should or    should not be that case. The following is the schematic structure or generic structure of hortatory exposition.

1. Thesis

2. Arguments

3. Suggestion

Analytical exposition is classified into hortatory exposition genre. Both analytical exposition and hortatory exposition present arguments for supporting the issued thesis. What makes them different from one to another is the last stage of the text. The analytical exposition will end with a re-iteration. In the other hand, hortatory will close y=the essay with a recommendation. Analytical exposition will try to influence the reader by presenting some arguments to prove that the writer’s idea is important. Furthermore, hortatory will try to persuade the reader how should or not do concerning the writer’s idea.

Example of Hortatory Exposition

	Junk Food
1	In my opinion, junk food is terrible and it causes the bad impact fro our health. We should avoid it for a number of reasons.	Thesis
2	Junk food usually consists of synthetic color, sugar and smell. Those materials can cause negative effects for our body for a long time. All of those can’t be absorbed by our intestine so those materials precipitate in our blood. If we often consume it, the materials can’t be taken out from our body because the sediment precipitates in our body.	Argument
3	Our health is very important; junk food is the wrong choice for our diet. Although the taste, smell and color of the junk food is better, many people don’t realize with the impact of consuming junk food. Our kidney will work harder to filter the addictive materials of junk food. If we consume it continuously, the kidneys will break and they can’t filter it anymore. We call it “fail kidney;’ or in Indonesian it is called “gagal ginjal”. It has a vital impact until the death picks our live up.	Argument
4	From the reasons above, we should reduce and avoid junk food from now on. It is important for our live. Just consume the natural diet or vegetarian. This way is the best resolution for bad temper of junk food.	Conclusion/Reiteration

KINDS OF TEXT: 6. EXPLANATION

KINDS OF TEXT: 6. EXPLANATION

Standar Kompetensi Lulusan: Menetukan gambaran umum informasi tertentu informasi rinci tersurat tukjuan komunikasi makna kata atau frasa dari sebuah text berbentuk explanation yang disajikan.

Material:  

Definition of Explanation:

An explanation is a text which tells how (the process) or why (the reasons)  something happens, for example how chocolate is mad or why the sky is blue.

Generic Structure of Explanation

ü A general statement:  Introducing or identifying the phenomenon.

ü A series of statement:  (explanation) that tells how something happened or why something occurred.

ü A conclusion/explanation: sums up the explanation and talks about its application: may also give examples.

Language Feature of Explanation

1. Technical terms- evaporation, degradation.

2. Action verb- and present tense-.runs, develop

3. Passive voice- water is polluted by

4. Cause and effect terms- because of, due to, therefore, as a result

Example of Explanation

Story	Generic Structure
The Greenhouse Effect             Have you ever seen a greenhouse? Greenhouses are used to grow plants, especially in the winter. Greenhouses work by trapping heat from the sun. The glass panels of the greenhouse let in light but keep heat from escaping. This causes the greenhouse to heat up, much like the inside of a car parked in sunlight, and keeps the plants warm enough to live in the winter.	General Statement
The Earth’s atmosphere is all around us. It is the air that we breathe. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere behave much like the glass panes in a greenhouse. Sunlight enters the atmosphere, passing through the blanket of greenhouse gases. Ad it reaches the Earth’s surface, land, water and biosphere absorb the sunlight’s energy. Once absorbed, this energy is sent back into the atmosphere. Some of the energy passes back into space, but much of it remains trapped in the atmosphere by the greenhouse gases, causing our world to heat up.	Explanation
The greenhouse effect is important. Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth would not be warm enough for humans to live. But if the greenhouse effect becomes stronger, it could make the Earth warmer than usual. Even a little extra warming may cause problems for humans, plants and animals.	Conclusion

KINDS OF TEXT: 5. RECAOUNT

KINDS OF TEXT: 5. RECAOUNT

Standar Kompetensi Lulusan: Menetukan informasi tertentu pikiran utama paragraf informasi tersirat makna kata atau frasa dari seuah teks berbentuk recaunt yang disajikan.

Material:  

Social Function of Recount

To retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining

Definition of Recount

Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its purpose is entertaining either to inform or to entertain the audience.  There is no complication among the participants and the differences from narrative.

Generic Structure of Recount

ü Orientation:  Introducing the participants, places, and time.

ü Events:  Describing series of event that happened in the past.

ü Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story.

Language Feature of Recount

1. Introducing personal participant: I my group, etc.

2. Using chronological connection: first, then, next after that, ad then, after, before etc.

3. Using linking verb:  was, were, saw, went, heard, etc.

4. Using action verb: moved, changed,

Types of Recount

1. Personal Recount : Retelling of an activity that the writer/speaker has been personally involved in. (e.g. : oral anecdote, diary entry)

2. Factual Recount :  Recording the particular of an incident (e.g.: report of a science experiment, police report, news report, historical recount)

3. Imaginative Recount : talking on an imaginary role and giving details of events(e.g.:  a day in the life of a Roman slave, how I invented….)

Example of Recount Text

Generic Structure	The Story
Orienta-tion	Vacation to London             Mr. Richard’s family was on vacation. They are Mr. and Mrs. Richard with two sons. They went to London. When they saw their travel agent and booked their tickets. They went to the British Embassy to get visa to enter Britain. They booked fourteen days tour. This includes travel and accommodation. They also included tours around London.
Events	They boarded a large Boeing flight. The flight was nearly fourteen hours. On the plane the cabin crews were very friendly. They gave them news paper and magazine to read.  They gave them food and drink. There was a film for their entertainment. They had a very pleasant flight. They slept part the way. On arrival at Heathrow Airport, they had to go to Customs and Immigration.            The officers were pleasant. They checked the document carefully but their manners were very polite. Mr. Richard and his family collected their bags and went to London Welcome Desk. They arranged the transfer to a hotel.
Reorien-tation	The hotel was a well-known four-star hotel. The room had perfect view of the park. The room had its own bathroom and toilet. Instead of keys for the room, they inserted a key-card to open the door. On the third floor, there was a restaurant serving Asian and European food. They had variety of food. The two week in London went by fast. At the end of the 14-day, they were quite tired but they felt very happy.