DISCUSSION TEXT

Discussion text will see and elaborate an issue from two different points of view. It presents pro and contra, advantages and disadvantages, good and bad side opinion on certain issue. One side is agreeing and another is disagreeing. For example; pros and cons of nuclear power plant, and advantages and disavabtages of study groups and son on.

The stucture of a discussion text are; 1. Stated issue, It presents wht issue is going to be discussed, 2. Supporting arguments, aftr stating the issue, it is necessary to present the arguments that support the issue, 3. Against argument; beside the supporting argument, a discussion text needs to present the arguments which disagree to the stated issue. 4, Conclusion/Recommendation: Finally in the end of discussion, it is important to re-think to formulate ceratin recomendation for the issue.

Language feature of discussion Text. 1. Generic terms relevent to to the subject-degreadation, conservation, 2. Using of comparasion and contrast words such as; also, as, like, similarto, although, differ from, however, 3. Using of linking words as for examples; on the other hand, although, in contrast to, this is supported by, in spite of, however, 4. Language ondicating judgment and values like very funny, depressing.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH (PERCAKAPAN LANGSUNG DAN TAKLANGSUNG)

Reported Speech (Percakapan Tak Langsung ) Reported speech refers to using a noun clause to report what someone has said. No question marks are used. Notice the changes in the verb forms from quoted speech to reported speech in the following examples.
(a) She said, “I watch TV every day.”	She said (that, can be omitted/bisa dihilangkan) she watched TV every day.
(b) She said, “I am watching TV now.”	She said that she was watching TV then.
(c) She said, “I have watched TV today.”	She said she had watched TV that day.
(d) She said, “I watched TV last night.”	She said she had watched TV the night before.
(e) She said, “I will watch TV next week.”	She said she would watch TV the following week.
(f) She said, “I am going to watch TV tonight.”	She said she was going to watch TV that night.
(g) She said, “I can watch TV every Sunday.”	She said she could watch TV every Sunday.
(h) She said, “I may watch TV next Saturday.”	She said she might watch TV the following Saturday.
(i) She said, “I might watch TV two days ago.”	She said she might watch TV two days before.
(j) She said, “I must watch TV this afternoon.”	She said she had to watch TV that afternoon.
(k) She said, “have to watch TV this week.”	She said she had to watch TV that week.
(l) She said, “I should watch TV here.”	She said she should watch TV there.
(m) She said, “I ought to watch TV these days.”	She said she ought to watch TV tose days.
(n) She said, “Watch TV now!”	She told me to watch TV then.
(o) She said, “Do you watch TV every night?”	She asked (me) if/whether I watched TV every night.
General Guidelines on Tense Usage A Noun Clause (1)   If the reporting verb (the main verb of the sentence, e.g., said) is in the past, the verb in the noun clause will usually also be in the past form. (2)   This formal sequence of tenses in the noun clauses is used in both speaking and writing. However sometimes in spoken English, no change is made in the noun clause verb, especially if the speaker is reporting something immediately or soon after it was said. Immadiate reporting: A: What did the teacher just say? I didn’t hear him. B: He said he wants us to read Chapter Six. Later reporting           X: I didn’t go to class yesterday. Did Mr. Jones make any assignment? Y: Yes. He said he wanted us to read Chapter Six (3)   Also, sometimes the present tense is retained even in the formal English when the reported sentence deals with a general truth: She said that the world is round. (4)   When the reporting verb is simple present tense, present perfect, or future, the noun clause verb is not changed. Have a close look at the samples below!
She says, “I watch TV every day.”	She says she watches TV every day.
She has said, “I watch TV every Sunday.”	She has said that she watches TV every Sunday.
She will say, “I watch TV every night.”	She will say that she watces TV every night.
In reported speech, an imperative sentence is changed to an infinitive on. ‘Tell’ is used instead of ‘say’ as the reporting verb. Also note that ‘tell’ is immediately followed by a (pro) noun object, but ‘say’ ins not. He told me he would be late. He said he would be late. Also possible: He said to me he would be late.

INFINITIVE ATAU VERB-ING?

INFINITIVE ATAU VERB-ING?

Sometimes we need to decide whether to use a verb in its:

-ing form (doing, singing)

Or infinitive form (to do, to sing).

1.I dislike working late. (?)

2. I dislike to work late. (?)

- allow, can/can't afford, decide, manage, mean, refuse

3. I forgot to close the window.

4. Mary needs to leave early.

5. Why are they encouraged to learn English?

6. We can't afford to take a long holiday.

7. I was happy to help them.

8. She will be delighted to see you.

9. The water was too cold to swim in.

10. Is your coffee too hot to drink?

11. He was strong enough to lift it.

12. She is rich enough to buy two.

13. Swimming is good exercise.

14. Doctors say that smoking is bad for you.

15. I look forward to meeting you.

16. They left without saying "Goodbye."

17 I dislike getting up early.

18. Would you mind opening the window?

19. It started to rain.

20. It started raining.

21. I like to play tennis.

22. I like playing tennis.

For example, only one of the following sentences is correct. Which one?
When to use the infinitive

The infinitive form is used after certain verbs:
- forget, help, learn, teach, train
- choose, expect, hope, need, offer, want, would like
- agree, encourage, pretend, promise.

The infinitive form is always used after adjectives, for example:
- disappointed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sad, surprised
This includes too + adjective:
The infinitive form is used after adjective + enough:
When to use -ing
The -ing form is used when the word is the subject of a sentence or clause:
The -ing form is used after a preposition:
The -ing form is used after certain verbs:

- avoid, dislike, enjoy, finish, give up, mind/not mind, practice

Some verbs can be followed by the -ing form or the infinitive without a big change in meaning:begin, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, propose, start.

Now check your understanding:
Infinitive or -ing Quiz
Complete these sentences using the correct verb, in the correct form. (to +verb, verb+ing)

Note that in some sentences, both forms are acceptable.

(e.g. I like playing tennis on Mondays. I like to play tennis on Mondays.)

to carry / carrying   to have / having  to visit / visiting          
to wear / wearing   to borrow / borrowing  to open / opening
to take / taking   to finish / finishing    To receive / receiving
to play / playing         

1. We __________ like our grandmother on Sundays.
2. I might want __________ your Science notes.
3. My father hates __________ a tie to work.
4. We can't afford __________ a vacation this summer.
5. The company was pleased __________ your thank-you letter.
6. Would you mind __________ a window?
7. My suitcase is light enough __________ this time.
8. She cannot leave the table without __________ her dinner.
9. The music will continue __________ until you turn it off.
10. My little brother dislikes __________ his hair brushed.

MENGGUNAKAN KUNJUNGSI BERPASANGAN/PARALLELISME/KESETARAAN

MENGGUNAKAN KUNJUNGSI BERPASANGAN/PARALLELISME/KESETARAAN

Kunjungsi berpasangan yaitu kalimat yang di dalamnya mengandung elemen yang harus sejajar atau paralel. Yang dimaksud paralel yaitu sesuai antar yang di depan dan di belakangnya. Jika di depan itu kata kerja, makan di belakangnya juga harus kata kerja. Jika kata benda mestinya juga di belakang kata benda, dst.

Yang menyebabkan paralel yaitu di dalam kalimat itu ada kata yang tidak boleh dipisahkan satu dengan yang lainnya atau diganti dengan kata yang lain. Atau memang kedua kata itu sudah menjadi rangkai yang tidak bisa dipisahkan. Rangkaian kata itu antara lain:

1. not only ......but also....,

2. not only ....but ....as well,

3. not only ....but....

4. both ....and ....,

5. neither ...nor....,

6. either ....or....

Examples::

1. Laptop is not only modern but also sophisticated.

2. Both man and woman are attractive.

3. Neither students nor teachers are allowed to smoke.

4. I like either singing songs or playing music.

MENGGUNAKAN PREPOSISI UNTUK MENYATAKAN SEBAB AKIBAT

1. because............

2. because of....,

3. due to....,

4. so...that....

5. such....that.​...

Examples: 

1. I don't go to the party because of the bad weather.

2. I don't go to the party due to the bad weather.

3. Because the weather is bad, I don't go to the party.

whether....or ....,

whether or not....

if only,...
unless....

otherwise​e,…

..or,...

1. Whether you understand or not is okay.

2. Whether or not it rains today, I will go to Jogjakarta.

3. I would come if only you invited me.

4. The girl is so beautiful that every boy is interested in her.

5. You should study hard otherwise you will be left behind.

6. I will go unless it rains.

7. You have to study hard or left in this class again for another year.

CAUSATIVE HAMAHELEG (HAVE MAKE LET GET)

Causative yaitu kalimat yang subject tidak melakukan sesuatu, namum menyuruh orang lain untuk melakukannya. Causative terbagi dalam beberapa juga bisa disingkat HaMaHeLeG, dari kata: Have Make Help Let Get.

Rumusnya: 
1a. S+Have/Make+someone+V-1.Ar​timya: have/make=menyuruh utk melakukan sesuatu.
Contoh: 
1b. My father has me buy something in the market.

Sama saja dengan 

My father asks me to buy something in the market. 

2a. My mother made me help my brother do his homework. 

Sama saja dengan: 

2b. My mother asked me to help my brother do his homework.

Sedangkan kalimat pasifnya, yaitu subject menginginkan sesuatu itu dilakukan oleh orang lain. Rumus: S+Have/Make+something+V-3.

Untuk yg 'get' dg menggunakan 'to' sdh kata itu. 

Rumus: 
S+get+someone+to+V-1.
Artin​ya sama: 
Menyuruh utk melakukan sesuatu. 

3a. My father gets me to buy something in the market. 

sama saja dengan: 

3b. My father asks me to buy something in the market. 

4a. My mother got me to help my brother do his homework. 

Sama saja dengan: 

4b. My mother asked me to help my brother do his homework.

Untuk 'Let' artinya membiarkan/mengizinkan/mem​perbolehkan. 
Rumus persisi pada 'have' dan' make' sedangkan; 
My father doesn't let me go to school today. 
'help' artinya 'membantu' rumus bisa spt 'have'/make' dan bsa spt 'get': 

5a. My friends help me do the homework,

 bisa juga;

5b. My friends help me to do the homework.

S+Have/Make+something+V-3=​menyuruh sesuatu unutk dilakukan, atau kalimat pasif.

6a. My father makes his motorcycle washed. 

Sama saja dengan; 

6b. My father asks his motorcycle to be washed. 

7a. My father had something something bought by my brother in the market yesterday.

Sama saja dengan: 

7b. My father asked something to be bought by my brother in the market yesterday.

PREPOSITIONS FOR TIME, PLACE AND INTRODUCING OBJECTS

One point in time

On is used with days:

· I will see you on Monday.

· The week begins on Sunday.

At is used with noon, night, midnight, and with the time of day:

· My plane leaves at noon.

· The movie starts at 6 p.m.

In is used with other parts of the day, with months, with years, with seasons:

· He likes to read in the afternoon.

· The days are long in August.

· The book was published in 1999.

· The flowers will bloom in spring.

Extended time

To express extended time, English uses the following prepositions: since, for, by, from—to, from-until, during,(with)in

· She has been gone since yesterday. (She left yesterday and has not returned.)

· I'm going to Paris for two weeks. (I will spend two weeks there.)

· The movie showed from August to October. (Beginning in August and ending in October.)

· The decorations were up from spring until fall. (Beginning in spring and ending in fall.)

· I watch TV during the evening. (For some period of time in the evening.)

· We must finish the project within a year. (No longer than a year.)

Place

To express notions of place, English uses the following prepositions: to talk about the point itself: in, to express something contained: inside, to talk about the surface: on, to talk about a general vicinity, at.

· There is a wasp in the room.

· Put the present inside the box.

· I left your keys on the table.

· She was waiting at the corner.

Higher than a point

To express notions of an object being higher than a point, English uses the following prepositions: over, above.

· He threw the ball over the roof.

· Hang that picture above the couch.

Lower than a point

To express notions of an object being lower than a point, English uses the following prepositions: under, underneath, beneath, below.

· The rabbit burrowed under the ground.

· The child hid underneath the blanket.

· We relaxed in the shade beneath the branches.

· The valley is below sea-level.

Close to a point

To express notions of an object being close to a point, English uses the following prepositions: near, by, next to, between, among, opposite.

· She lives near the school.

· There is an ice cream shop by the store.

· An oak tree grows next to my house

· The house is between Elm Street and Maple Street.

· I found my pen lying among the books.

· The bathroom is opposite that room.

To introduce objects of verbs

English uses the following prepositions to introduce objects of the following verbs.

At: glance, laugh, look, rejoice, smile, stare

· She glanced at her reflection.
(exception with mirror: She glanced in the mirror.)

· You didn't laugh at his joke.

· I'm looking at the computer monitor.

· We rejoiced at his safe rescue.

· That pretty girl smiled at you.

· Stop staring at me.

Of: approve, consist, smell

· I don't approve of his speech.

· My contribution to the article consists of many pages.

· He came home smelling of alcohol.

Of (or about): dream, think

· I dream of finishing college in four years.

· Can you think of a number between one and ten?

· I am thinking about this problem.

For: call, hope, look, wait, watch, wish

· Did someone call for a taxi?

· He hopes for a raise in salary next year.

· I'm looking for my keys.

· We'll wait for her here.

· You go buy the tickets and I'll watch for the train.

· If you wish for an "A" in this class, you must work hard.