Another derivation in English is the derivation from noun into adjective, here are the four ways to change from noun to adjective:
1. By giving suffix or ending -y, from the original word or from he noun:
anger kemarahan, angry marah. Cloud awan, cloudy berawan. Dust debu/kotoran, dusty kotor/berdebu. Fun kesenangan/sesuatu yg menyenangkan, funny lucu. Fog kabut, foggy berkabut. hair rambut, hairy berambut. Health kesehatan. Healthy sehat. Noise kegaduhan, noisy gaduh. Rain hujan, rainy bersifat hujan/musim hujan. Sorrow kesedihan/kesusahan, sorry susah/sedih.Wealth kekayaan, wealthy kaya. Wind agin, windy berangin.
2. Ended with -ous
Danger bahaya, dangerous berbahaya. Delight kenyamanan, kenikmatan, delicious lezat, enak. Glory keagungan, kemegahan, glorious megah, agung. Mystery rahasia, mysterious penuh rahasia. Victory kemenangan/kecemerlangan, victorious menang/gemilang.
3. Suffix -ful
Care kepedulian/kehati-hatian, carefull peduli/hati-hati. Delight kenyamanan, delightfull nyaman. Doubt keraguan, doubtful ragu. Dread sesuatu yg mengerikan, dreatful mengerikan. Peace kedamaian, peaceful penuh dengan kedamaian. Power kekuatan, powerful penuh kekuatan. Respect penghormatan, respectful penuh hormat. Succes keberhasilan, successful berhasil. Wish keinginan, wishful berkeinginan. Wonder sesuatu yang menakjubkan/keajaiban, wonderful ajaib.
4. With the ending-al
Centrum sebagai tempat di pusat, central pusat. Condition keadaan conditional bersyarat sesuai dg kondisi. Education pendidikan, educational mengenai pendidikan. History sejarah, historical bersejarah. Origin asalnya/aslinya, original asli. Person orang, personal bersifat perseorangan. Scince pengetahuan, ilmu, scientifical ilmiah. Spirit kerohanian, spiritual rohaniah.
Jumat, 08 Maret 2013
Selasa, 05 Maret 2013
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Present Perfect Progressive is a tense which is used to express or state the ectivity or activities which was/were started from the certain time in the past and now it is/they are still progressing when it is/they are spoken.
The Patterns used to state those statement are:
+) Subject + have/has been+ V-ing + Object+ Adverb of time.
-) Subject + have/has been + V-ing + Object + Adverb of time.
?) Have/Has + subject + been + V-ing + Object + Adverb of time.
The adverbs of time used in this tense are:
up to now = sampai sekarang
until now = hingga kini
till now = sampai saat ini
since (followed by the point of time, diikuti tonggak waktu di waktu lampu, titik waktu sejak dimulainya) =sejak/semenjak
for (followed by the durantion or period of time the event is lasting or progressing untiuk now, diikuti durasi atau periode waktu berlangsungnya kegiatan itu sampai sekarang) = selama
Notes:
Subyek yang diikuti 'have; yaitu: They, We, I You (baca: Dewi ayu), dan kelompok suyek jamak, atau lebih dari satu, dengan ciri-ciri, ada kata-kata: Some (yang diikuti kata benda yg dpt dihitung/countable nouns), Many, few, a few, dsb. atau kata benda tertentu yg sudah mempunyai arti jamak seperti People = Orang-orang, Children, Oxen, men, women, dsb)
Sedangkan Subyek yang dikuti kata 'has' adalah He, She, It dan kelompok subyek tunggal, dg ciri-ciri ada kata-kata: One, An, A, some (yang diikuti uncountable nouns), Much, Any, dsb, atau semua kata benda yg tak dpt dihitung/Uncountable noun, sebelum kata benda subyek itu.
Examples:
1. They have been living in Indonesia for three years.
2. We have been waiting for our friends since 11 o'clock this moring.
3. I have been teaching English since I graduated from IEC in 1992.
4. You have been watching TV for hours so please switch off it now.
5. The doctor has been operating the patient since 10 o'clock in the morning and now it 11:15.
6. The patients have been sleeping on their beds until now.
7. The students have been studying since 07:00 this morning, and now the first period bell has already rung indicating 10:00.
8. The people have been waiting for the bus for long time but it has not arrived yet up to now.
9. The child has been crying for an hour, since he was left by his mother to the market.
10. Only a few students have been playing football on the field, some others have still been doing their test in the classroom waiting for the time over at 09:30.
The Patterns used to state those statement are:
+) Subject + have/has been+ V-ing + Object+ Adverb of time.
-) Subject + have/has been + V-ing + Object + Adverb of time.
?) Have/Has + subject + been + V-ing + Object + Adverb of time.
The adverbs of time used in this tense are:
up to now = sampai sekarang
until now = hingga kini
till now = sampai saat ini
since (followed by the point of time, diikuti tonggak waktu di waktu lampu, titik waktu sejak dimulainya) =sejak/semenjak
for (followed by the durantion or period of time the event is lasting or progressing untiuk now, diikuti durasi atau periode waktu berlangsungnya kegiatan itu sampai sekarang) = selama
Notes:
Subyek yang diikuti 'have; yaitu: They, We, I You (baca: Dewi ayu), dan kelompok suyek jamak, atau lebih dari satu, dengan ciri-ciri, ada kata-kata: Some (yang diikuti kata benda yg dpt dihitung/countable nouns), Many, few, a few, dsb. atau kata benda tertentu yg sudah mempunyai arti jamak seperti People = Orang-orang, Children, Oxen, men, women, dsb)
Sedangkan Subyek yang dikuti kata 'has' adalah He, She, It dan kelompok subyek tunggal, dg ciri-ciri ada kata-kata: One, An, A, some (yang diikuti uncountable nouns), Much, Any, dsb, atau semua kata benda yg tak dpt dihitung/Uncountable noun, sebelum kata benda subyek itu.
Examples:
1. They have been living in Indonesia for three years.
2. We have been waiting for our friends since 11 o'clock this moring.
3. I have been teaching English since I graduated from IEC in 1992.
4. You have been watching TV for hours so please switch off it now.
5. The doctor has been operating the patient since 10 o'clock in the morning and now it 11:15.
6. The patients have been sleeping on their beds until now.
7. The students have been studying since 07:00 this morning, and now the first period bell has already rung indicating 10:00.
8. The people have been waiting for the bus for long time but it has not arrived yet up to now.
9. The child has been crying for an hour, since he was left by his mother to the market.
10. Only a few students have been playing football on the field, some others have still been doing their test in the classroom waiting for the time over at 09:30.
DERIVATION FROM VERB INTO NOUN BY CHANGING THE FORM
Choose memilih, choice pilihan. Conquer, menaklukkan, conquest penaklukan. Draw menggambar, drawing gambar. Drink minum, draught tegukan. Fly terbang, flight penerbangan. Give memberi, gift pemberian. Know megetahui, knowledge pengetahuan. Live tinggal/hidup, life kehidupan. Loose menghilangkan, loss kehilangan. Pray menyembah, berdoa, bersembahyang, prayer, persembahan, doa. Sing menyanyi, song lagu/nyanyian. Receive menerima, receip tandaterima. See melihat, sight penglihatan. Speak berbicara, speech pidato.
And there are also the verbs which don't change at all in form into noun, but the meaning do.
Here are the words mentioned above:
aid membantu aid bantuan. Change mengubah/berubah, change perubahan. Dance menari, dance tarian. Drink meminum, minum, drink minuman. Escape melepas/meloloskan, escape kelolosan. Help membantu, help bantuan. Laugh tertawa, laugh tertawanya, tawaan. Look melihat/memandang, look pandangan. Love mencintai, love cinta. Play bermain, play permainan. Plant menanam. plant tanaman. Ride mengendarai/berkendara, ride pengendaraan. Show mempertujukkan, show pertunjukan. Sleep tidur, sleep tidurya. Smile tersenyum, smile senyuman. Stay singgah bertempat tinggal sementara, stay singgahnya/tinggalnya. Visit berkunjung, mengunjugi, visit kunjungan. Walk berjalan, walk jalannya.
And there are also the verbs which don't change at all in form into noun, but the meaning do.
Here are the words mentioned above:
aid membantu aid bantuan. Change mengubah/berubah, change perubahan. Dance menari, dance tarian. Drink meminum, minum, drink minuman. Escape melepas/meloloskan, escape kelolosan. Help membantu, help bantuan. Laugh tertawa, laugh tertawanya, tawaan. Look melihat/memandang, look pandangan. Love mencintai, love cinta. Play bermain, play permainan. Plant menanam. plant tanaman. Ride mengendarai/berkendara, ride pengendaraan. Show mempertujukkan, show pertunjukan. Sleep tidur, sleep tidurya. Smile tersenyum, smile senyuman. Stay singgah bertempat tinggal sementara, stay singgahnya/tinggalnya. Visit berkunjung, mengunjugi, visit kunjungan. Walk berjalan, walk jalannya.
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